Pattadakal, situated on the banks of the Malaprabha River in Bagalkot, Karnataka, is recognized by UNESCO for its exceptional display of Chalukyan architectural brilliance. Known for its harmonious blend of North Indian (Nagara) and South Indian (Dravidian) architectural styles, this ancient temple complex dates back to the 7th and 8th centuries during the reign of the Badami Chalukyas.
Each temple at Pattadakal tells a unique story – carved in stone, dedicated to deities like Shiva, Vishnu, and Jain Tirthankaras, and echoing centuries of spiritual devotion. Whether you’re a history buff, an architecture enthusiast, or a pilgrim tracing ancient footsteps, these 10 temples offer a rare glimpse into India’s rich temple legacy.
Top 10 Must-Visit Temples in Pattadakal:
1. Virupaksha Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Built by: Queen Lokamahadevi in the 8th century CE
Architectural Style: Dravidian (South Indian) with intricate carvings
Virupaksha Temple stands as the most elaborate and well-preserved monument in Pattadakal. Built to mark King Vikramaditya II’s victory over the Pallavas, the temple—designed by Queen Lokamahadevi—later inspired the famed Kailasa Temple in Ellora.
The temple is adorned with beautifully detailed friezes depicting scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The inner sanctum houses a Shiva Linga, while the large Nandi pavilion faces the shrine. The temple also features intricate sculptures of river goddesses, celestial beings, and various forms of Shiva.
Why Visit: It’s the best example of complete South Indian temple design and sculpture brilliance under Chalukya patronage.
2. Mallikarjuna Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Built by: Queen Trilokamahadevi
Architectural Style: Dravidian, smaller replica of Virupaksha
Situated beside the Virupaksha Temple, the Mallikarjuna Temple was established under the patronage of Queen Trilokamahadevi, the second consort of King Vikramaditya II. While slightly smaller in size, its design and execution are nearly identical.
You’ll notice symmetrical layouts, ornate ceilings, and decorative pillars that mirror its larger counterpart. The temple’s shikhara (tower) is a striking feature with detailed carvings of mythological stories, showcasing the Chalukyas’ command over sculptural finesse.
Travel Tip: Visit during sunrise or sunset for beautiful photographic lighting on the red sandstone carvings.
3. Papanatha Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Built by: Unknown (circa 680 CE)
Architectural Style: Mix of Nagara (North Indian) and Dravidian styles
The Papanatha Temple stands out for its experimental architecture and is believed to have been constructed slightly earlier than the other temples in Pattadakal. It features a long pillared hall, beautifully adorned with carvings from Hindu epics, and a sanctum housing the Shiva Linga.
What’s fascinating is the transition between architectural styles visible in the temple’s design—one can see northern shikharas coupled with southern-style pavilions and doorways.
Interesting Fact: The temple’s name “Papanatha” suggests its association with liberation from sins (Papa), indicating a spiritual cleansing place.
4. Sangameshwara Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Built by: King Vijayaditya (circa 720 CE)
Architectural Style: Dravidian
Among the first temples constructed by the Chalukyas in Pattadakal, this shrine was originally named the Vijayeshwara Temple. The structure is massive and exhibits a matured form of Dravidian design. Though it remains incomplete, it still possesses bold carvings and a commanding presence.
The large sanctum, pillared navaranga (main hall), and detailed cornices are key highlights. It reflects the early experiments of the Chalukyas that led to architectural excellence.
Don’t Miss: The lion motifs and figures of dwarapalas (gatekeepers) on the temple walls.
5. Chandrashekhara Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva (as Chandrashekhara)
Architectural Style: Simple South Indian plan
Special Feature: Only a sanctum and a small mandapa
While not as architecturally grand as the Virupaksha or Sangameshwara temples, the Chandrashekhara Temple is unique for its minimalistic design. It comprises just a small sanctum and porch but offers a tranquil ambiance.
Chandrashekhara, a name that signifies Lord Shiva adorned with the crescent moon, represents a tranquil spiritual presence amidst the grander temple structures.
Ideal for: Meditation or a quiet moment away from tourist crowds.
6. Galaganatha Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva (as Galaganatha)
Architectural Style: Rekhanagara (Nagara style)
Features: Intricate ceilings, friezes, and river goddess carvings
Though partially in ruins, the Galaganatha Temple still impresses visitors with its fine tower and inner sanctum carvings. It represents the Nagara-style tower (Rekhanagara shikhara) that contrasts with the nearby Dravidian designs.
Inside, you’ll find depictions of Ganga and Yamuna, scenes of deities riding their vahanas, and unique ceiling panels that stand as testimony to the skill of the artisans.
Photography Tip: Great spot for close-up shots of rare carvings and ceiling work.
7. Jambulinga Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Architectural Style: Rekhanagara with a small mandapa
Special Features: Shiva with Parvati and Nandi reliefs
This modest temple has a square sanctum topped by a curvilinear shikhara. Despite its small size, the Jambulinga Temple has highly refined sculptures, including a remarkable depiction of Shiva with Parvati and Nandi, and Vishnu as Narasimha.
The temple is often appreciated for its clean lines, proportionate structure, and refined artistic touch.
Best for: Visitors short on time but eager to explore intricate art in a smaller footprint.
8. Kashi Vishwanatha Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva (as Vishwanatha)
Architectural Style: North Indian Nagara style
Highlights: Elegant shikhara and inner garbhagriha with linga
Built during the Rashtrakuta period, this temple brings the aura of the famed Kashi Vishwanath of Varanasi to the south. The ornate shikhara, subtle detailing, and sanctum layout make it a significant monument of spiritual relevance.
This temple is slightly removed from the main cluster, allowing for a peaceful visit. It is believed that this temple may have catered to ascetics and sages of the region.
Pilgrimage Insight: Often included in spiritual circuits connecting Pattadakal, Badami, and Aihole.
9. Jain Narayana Temple
Dedicated to: Jain Tirthankaras
Built by: Rashtrakuta King Krishna II (9th century)
Architectural Style: Dravidian with Jain influences
This temple is evidence of the inclusive spiritual environment in Pattadakal. Dedicated to Jain traditions, it is located on the eastern side of the complex. The temple is simple in layout but has Jain motifs, including the Tirthankara figures, and lacks depictions of Hindu deities.
The Jain Narayana Temple showcases that the Chalukyan rulers promoted religious pluralism and respected all faiths.
Tip for Cultural Explorers: Study the pillars and ceiling carvings to spot Jain iconography.
10. Kadasiddheshwara Temple
Dedicated to: Lord Shiva
Architectural Style: Early Nagara
Notable Carvings: Ardhanarishvara and Nataraja
One of the smaller but symbolically significant temples, Kadasiddheshwara Temple offers detailed depictions of Shiva in composite forms. The image of Ardhanarishvara (Shiva and Parvati as one being) and Nataraja (Shiva as the cosmic dancer) reflects deep philosophical symbolism.
The temple exemplifies early experimentation with form and concept in temple art. Despite its size, it’s a favorite among researchers and spiritual seekers.
Why It Matters: It bridges artistic symbolism with metaphysical ideas in a compact shrine.
Conclusion
Pattadakal is not just a place of stone temples—it’s a living museum where stories of devotion, royal ambition, and architectural brilliance unfold. Each temple, whether large or small, grand or modest, contributes to the collective magic that makes Pattadakal one of India’s greatest historical treasures.
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